{"id":10251,"date":"2021-04-23T10:01:06","date_gmt":"2021-04-23T08:01:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/?p=10251"},"modified":"2021-05-07T05:16:54","modified_gmt":"2021-05-07T03:16:54","slug":"slavi-se-den-spanelskeho-jazyka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/2021\/04\/slavi-se-den-spanelskeho-jazyka\/","title":{"rendered":"Slav\u00ed se Den \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho jazyka"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Duben je m\u011bs\u00edcem \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho jazyka. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b 23. dubna si od roku 2010 Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f a hisp\u00e1nsk\u00fd sv\u011bt ofici\u00e1ln\u011b tento jazyk p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed. Toto datum toti\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 dnu \u00famrt\u00ed jednoho z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch spisovatel\u016f Miguela de Cervantese, autora rom\u00e1nu D\u016fmysln\u00fd ryt\u00ed\u0159 Don Quijote de la Mancha<\/em>. V kulturn\u00edch a jazykov\u00fdch instituc\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00ed se tak po\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed rozli\u010dn\u00e9 akce s liter\u00e1rn\u00ed a jazykovou t\u00e9matikou.<\/p>\n

I Google letos p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 den \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny a to doodlem odkazuj\u00edc\u00edm na typick\u00e9 p\u00edsmenko \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 abecedy \u00ab\u00f1\u00bb, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 jako jedin\u00e9 p\u016fvod p\u0159\u00edmo ve \u0160pan\u011blsku. Proto je e\u00f1e<\/em> z\u00e1rove\u0148 i symbolem hisp\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed a identity. Tv\u016frcem doodlu je um\u011blec Min, pracuj\u00edc\u00ed v Barcelon\u011b, kter\u00fd se inspiroval geometrick\u00fdmi tvary a barvami vlajek hisp\u00e1nsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Toto p\u00edsmenko se v\u0161ak poprv\u00e9 objevilo ve slovn\u00edku \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 akademie (Real Academia Espa\u00f1ola, RAE) a\u017e v roce 1803, i kdy\u017e jeho p\u016fvod spad\u00e1 do obdob\u00ed o t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 tis\u00edc let d\u0159\u00edve. V latin\u011b v\u0161ak ani \u00ab\u00f1\u00bb ani odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed zvuk neexistovali. Ikonick\u00e9 p\u00edsmenko vzniklo ve st\u0159edov\u011bku, kdy\u017e se z latiny za\u010daly vy\u010dle\u0148ovat rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9 jazyky, tedy kastil\u0161tina, francouz\u0161tina a ital\u0161tina. Tehdy se objevil nas\u00e1ln\u00ed zvuk, u kter\u00e9ho se p\u0159i vysloven\u00ed h\u0159bet jazyka op\u00edr\u00e1 o patro a kter\u00fd je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako e\u00f1e<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u00edm, \u017ee nic takov\u00e9ho latinsk\u00e1 abeceda neznala, museli tehdej\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsa\u0159i naj\u00edt zp\u016fsob, jak tento zvuk zobrazit v textech rom\u00e1nsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. Od 9. stolet\u00ed tak opisova\u010di za\u010dali p\u0159episovat dan\u00fd zvuk ve t\u0159ech r\u016fzn\u00fdch variant\u00e1ch. V jednom textu se p\u0159itom mohly objevit v\u0161echny t\u0159i mo\u017enosti (tj. nn, gn a ni), proto\u017ee neexistovala \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 ucelen\u00e1 pravidla. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed u\u017e\u00edvali zdvojen\u00e9 \u00abn\u00bb postupn\u011b za\u010dali tuto formu zkracovat tak, \u017ee ponechali jen jedno \u00abn\u00bb a nad n\u011bj ud\u011blali \u010d\u00e1rku, vlnovku charakteristickou pro dne\u0161n\u00ed podobu p\u00edsmene.<\/p>\n

Ve 13. stolet\u00ed v r\u00e1mci ortografick\u00e9 reformy kr\u00e1le Alfonse X. Kastilsk\u00e9ho, zvan\u00e9ho t\u00e9\u017e Moudr\u00fd<\/em> nebo U\u010den\u00fd<\/em>, byla zvolen\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b mo\u017enost \u00ab\u00f1\u00bb jako ta nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu 14. stolet\u00ed se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto p\u00edsmene roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo v praxi a Antonio de Nebrija ho zahrnul i do prvn\u00ed gramatiky kastil\u0161tiny z roku 1492. Ve \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tin\u011b se tak pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u00ab\u00f1\u00bb, ale ital\u0161tina a francouz\u0161tina zvolily variantu \u00abgn\u00bb (Espagne, Spagna), portugal\u0161tina \u00abnh\u00bb (Espanha) a katal\u00e1n\u0161tina \u00abny\u00bb (Espanya).<\/p>\n

P\u00edsmenko \u00ab\u00f1\u00bb (a odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed zvuk) pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tak\u00e9 galij\u0161tina a astur\u0161tina, v Latinsk\u00e9 Americe pak i \u0159ada indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f jako je mixteco, zapoteco, otom\u00ed, quechua, aymara, guaran\u00ed nebo mapuche. Mnoho t\u011bchto jazyk\u016f toti\u017e nedisponovalo psanou podobou v dob\u011b, kdy v 16. stolet\u00ed vstoupili na kontinent \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9. Proto ty jazyky, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly obdobn\u00fd zvuk, p\u0159evzaly \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno. Respektive, syst\u00e9my p\u00edsma t\u011bchto jazyk\u016f byly \u010dasto implementov\u00e1ny pr\u00e1v\u011b lingvisty ze \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u0160pan\u011bl\u0161tina je jedn\u00edm z nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b. Podle \u00fadaj\u016f Institutu Cervantes z leto\u0161n\u00edho roku m\u00e1 \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tinu jako rodn\u00fd jazyk 472 mili\u00f3n\u016f lid\u00ed, co\u017e z n\u00ed d\u011bl\u00e1 druh\u00fd nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mate\u0159sk\u00fd jazyk, hned po mandar\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edn\u0161tin\u011b. P\u00edsmenko \u00ab\u00f1\u00bb se p\u0159itom nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve v\u00edce ne\u017e 17700 \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch slovech. \u00a0I p\u0159esto se v digit\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00e9\u0159e pot\u00fdk\u00e1 s probl\u00e9my. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed cht\u011bly dokonce n\u011bkter\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty prosadit prodej kl\u00e1vesnic bez tohoto p\u00edsmena. Tato iniciativa v\u0161ak byla kategoricky odm\u00edtnuta \u0159adou politik\u016f i intelektu\u00e1l\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho kolumbijsk\u00e9ho spisovatele Gabriela Garc\u00edi M\u00e1rqueze.<\/p>\n

V Kolumbii pak p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti leto\u0161n\u00ed oslavy Dne jazyka vy\u0161lo t\u0159et\u00ed vyd\u00e1n\u00ed slovn\u00edku obyvatel Bogoty. Spisovatel Andr\u00e9s Ospina pracoval 12 let na sb\u00edrce slov a v\u00fdraz\u016f, kter\u00e1 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed kreativitu a d\u016fvtip m\u00edstn\u00edch. Nov\u011b je nav\u00edc obohacena i o v\u00fdrazy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 u specifick\u00fdch popula\u010dn\u00edch skupin jako jsou v\u011bzni, mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9 \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed na ulici, nebo u\u017eivatel\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed. V knize nazvan\u00e9 Bogot\u00e1logo<\/em> se nav\u00edc objevuj\u00ed fotografie, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, jak se zm\u011bnil ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot v kolumbijsk\u00e9m hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let, d\u00e1le tak\u00e9 r\u016fzn\u00e9 lingvistick\u00e9 hry a aktivity. Publikace je k dost\u00e1n\u00ed v m\u00edstn\u00edch knihkupectv\u00edch, ale dostupn\u00e1 je i v digit\u00e1ln\u00edm form\u00e1tu na webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nce idpc.gov.co<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Zdroje: Bbc.com<\/a>, CnnEspanol.cnn.com<\/a>, Semana.com<\/a>. Foto 1<\/a>, foto 2<\/a>, foto 3<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Duben je m\u011bs\u00edcem \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9ho jazyka. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b 23. dubna si od roku 2010 Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f a hisp\u00e1nsk\u00fd sv\u011bt ofici\u00e1ln\u011b tento jazyk p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed. Toto datum toti\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 dnu \u00famrt\u00ed jednoho z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch spisovatel\u016f Miguela de Cervantese, autora rom\u00e1nu D\u016fmysln\u00fd ryt\u00ed\u0159 Don Quijote de la Mancha. V kulturn\u00edch a jazykov\u00fdch instituc\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00ed se tak po\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,6,8],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10251"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10251"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10251\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10287,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10251\/revisions\/10287"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10251"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10251"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10251"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}