{"id":4462,"date":"2015-06-30T15:59:27","date_gmt":"2015-06-30T13:59:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/?p=4462"},"modified":"2015-07-06T13:04:23","modified_gmt":"2015-07-06T11:04:23","slug":"palenque","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/2015\/06\/palenque\/","title":{"rendered":"San Basilio de Palenque – kousek Afriky p\u0159\u00edmo v Kolumbii"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Na map\u011b zem\u011b velk\u00e9 jako je Kolumbie byste tuto vesni\u010dku hledali jen t\u011b\u017eko. P\u0159esto stoj\u00ed Palenque de San Basilio<\/strong> se sv\u00fdmi p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3 500 obyvateli za n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvu, proto\u017ee nab\u00edz\u00ed jedine\u010dnou mo\u017enost poznat kulturu a tradice Afrokolumbijc\u016f, potomk\u016f p\u016fvodn\u00edch africk\u00fdch otrok\u016f dovezen\u00fdch na kontinent v dob\u011b \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 nadvl\u00e1dy. M\u00edsto se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na \u00fapat\u00ed poho\u0159\u00ed Montes de Mar\u00eda v kraji Bol\u00edvar, pouh\u00fdch 55 km jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edm sm\u011brem od m\u011bsta Kartagena, kter\u00e9 bylo hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstavem pro \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 dobyvatele.<\/p>\n

Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku nebylo Palenque nijak v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9, samotn\u00fd v\u00fdraz palenque<\/em> toti\u017e ozna\u010doval opevn\u011bn\u00e9 komunity zalo\u017een\u00e9 uprchl\u00fdmi otroky v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 16. a 17. stolet\u00ed. Otroci ve zdej\u0161\u00edch prales\u00edch a mok\u0159adech na\u0161li ide\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b a \u00fakryt p\u0159ed sv\u00fdmi pron\u00e1sledovateli. Ze v\u0161ech p\u016fvodn\u00edch komunit se do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby zachovalo pouze San Basilio, mal\u00e1 komunita, kterou dle historick\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f zalo\u017eil uprchl\u00fd otrok Benkos Bikoh\u00f3. Dnes stoj\u00ed socha zakladatele na hlavn\u00edm n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed a p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee Palenque je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za prvn\u00ed svobodn\u00e9 m\u011bste\u010dko v Latinsk\u00e9 Americe.<\/p>\n

\"\"D\u00edky dlouhodob\u00e9 izolaci Palenque dodnes pod\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o africk\u00e9m kulturn\u00edm bohatstv\u00ed a tradic\u00edch na latinskoamerick\u00e9m kontinentu. M\u00edsty se tak turist\u00e9 c\u00edt\u00ed v\u00edce v Africe ne\u017e v Kolumbii. Tento jedine\u010dn\u00fd kulturn\u00ed prostor figuruje i na seznamu nehmotn\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed lidstva pod hlavi\u010dkou Unesco.<\/p>\n

Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kulturn\u00edho odkazu jsou spole\u010densk\u00e9, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9, ale t\u0159eba i l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 zvyklosti, stejn\u011b jako hudebn\u00ed a \u00fastn\u00ed lidov\u00e1 tradice. V\u00fdznamnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kultury, ve kter\u00e9 se m\u00eds\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 spiritu\u00e1ln\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, jsou poh\u0159ebn\u00ed ob\u0159ady zvan\u00e9 lumbal\u00fa<\/em>, kter\u00e9 shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed celou komunitu u dev\u00edtidenn\u00edho ritu\u00e1lu na po\u010dest zem\u0159el\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

Nejen kolektivn\u00ed slavnosti a sv\u00e1tky, ale i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 ka\u017edodenn\u00ed a volno\u010dasov\u00e9 aktivity obvykle doprov\u00e1z\u00ed hudba. Ta je vesel\u00e1 a vyjad\u0159uje se r\u016fzn\u00fdmi tanci jako je p\u00fayala<\/em>, son palenquero<\/em> nebo mapal\u00e9<\/em>, asi nejuzn\u00e1van\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed tanec, zalo\u017een\u00fd na rychl\u00fdch pohybech bok\u016f a ramen.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Dnes vznikaj\u00ed i nov\u00e9 rytmy, nap\u0159\u00edklad son del negro<\/em>, son palenquero de sexteto<\/em>, kter\u00e9 vn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed do africk\u00fdch t\u00f3n\u016f i ciz\u00ed prvky, mimo jin\u00e9 t\u0159eba ty kub\u00e1nsk\u00e9, kter\u00e9 se do oblasti dostaly na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed v dob\u011b, kdy Kub\u00e1nci pracovali na tam\u011bj\u0161\u00edch cukrov\u00fdch plant\u00e1\u017e\u00edch.<\/p>\n

M\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed jazyk, tzv. palenquero<\/em>. Jedn\u00e1 se o jedinou p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00ed kreolskou \u0159e\u010d kombinuj\u00edc\u00ed \u0161pan\u011blskou slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu s gramatick\u00fdmi charakteristikami jazyk\u016f bantu, tedy p\u016fvodn\u00edch africk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. Od \u010dist\u00e9 \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny se v\u0161ak li\u0161\u00ed natolik, \u017ee mu b\u011b\u017en\u00ed Kolumbijci sami nerozum\u00ed a ve vesnici u\u017e j\u00edm mluv\u00ed jen zhruba polovina obyvatel. Jazyk byl nov\u011b zaveden i v m\u00edstn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch, aby zcela nevymizel.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladem spole\u010densk\u00e9 organizace komunity jsou skupiny zvan\u00e9 ma-kuagro<\/em>, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na siln\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed solidarit\u011b. Jednotliv\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 maj\u00ed sv\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a povinnosti i k ostatn\u00edm \u010dlen\u016fm a spole\u010dn\u011b vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u00fakoly i organizuj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti.<\/p>\n

\"\"V\u016fbec nejlep\u0161\u00edm obdob\u00edm k n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b tohoto zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho m\u00edsta jsou dny kolem 12. \u0159\u00edjna, kdy se zde po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed Festival bubn\u016f a kultury. Pokud byste v\u0161ak nem\u011bli dostatek \u010dasu, se z\u00e1stupci t\u00e9to komunity se m\u016f\u017eete setkat i p\u0159\u00edmo v m\u011bst\u011b Kartagena. \u017deny oble\u010den\u00e9 v pestrobarevn\u00fdch \u0161atech prod\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed ovoce a sladkosti jsou \u010dasto pr\u00e1v\u011b z Palenque, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 se jim palenqueras<\/em> a pozn\u00e1te je i podle n\u00e1dob s ovocem, kter\u00e9 nos\u00ed na hlav\u00e1ch. Mezi typick\u00e9 sladkosti pak pat\u0159\u00ed t\u0159eba cocadas<\/em> z kokosu \u010di koule z ara\u0161\u00edd\u016f. Unik\u00e1tn\u00ed jsou tak\u00e9 kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed panenky.<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je tento v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd kulturn\u00ed prostor bohu\u017eel ohro\u017een jak ekonomick\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed v\u00fdrobu, tak i ozbrojen\u00fdm konfliktem. Mimo svou vesnici obyvatel\u00e9 taky \u010dasto \u010del\u00ed rasov\u00e9 diskriminaci.<\/p>\n

Zdroje: Unesco.org<\/a>, Colombia.travel<\/a>,\u00a02backpackers.com<\/a>. Foto 1<\/a>, foto 2<\/a>,\u00a0foto 3<\/a>, foto 4-a<\/a>, b<\/a>, c<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na map\u011b zem\u011b velk\u00e9 jako je Kolumbie byste tuto vesni\u010dku hledali jen t\u011b\u017eko. P\u0159esto stoj\u00ed Palenque de San Basilio se sv\u00fdmi p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3 500 obyvateli za n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvu, proto\u017ee nab\u00edz\u00ed jedine\u010dnou mo\u017enost poznat kulturu a tradice Afrokolumbijc\u016f, potomk\u016f p\u016fvodn\u00edch africk\u00fdch otrok\u016f dovezen\u00fdch na kontinent v dob\u011b \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 nadvl\u00e1dy. M\u00edsto se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na \u00fapat\u00ed poho\u0159\u00ed Montes de…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,6,15],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4462"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4462"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4462\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4522,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4462\/revisions\/4522"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4462"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4462"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/asocheca.org\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4462"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}